06 / Who and what each source studied
BPC-157 TB-500: studies and FDA source pages.
Each number points to a source below. The list lets you see whether a study used animals, cells, people, or one substance instead of the blend.
Most sources tested animals, cells, or one substance
This list gives the sources behind BPC-157 TB-500 claims. Entries 1-11 cover studies and reviews of the separate substances. Entries 12-14 are FDA pages used for dates and access facts.
Look first at who or what was tested. Much of the work used rats, mice, or living cells in a dish. None gives you a fair human test of your mixed vial.
Be careful with safety claims for the short section sold as TB-500. The people studies used full Thymosin Beta-4, a much larger body protein. I'd ask about that difference before accepting a safety claim.
A PubMed link opens the paper title and a short medical summary. DOI means digital object identifier, a permanent study number. Its link is another way to open the same paper if a title search fails. Each FDA link opens the agency page used here. With your doctor, ask who was tested, what they received, and what changed.
- Staresinic M, et al. Gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 accelerates healing of transected rat Achilles tendon and in vitro stimulates tendocytes growth. J Orthop Res. 2003;21(6):976-983. ↗
- Hsieh MJ, et al. Therapeutic potential of pro-angiogenic BPC157 is associated with VEGFR2 activation and up-regulation. J Mol Med (Berl). 2017;95:323-333. ↗
- Irobi E, et al. Structural basis of actin sequestration by thymosin-beta4: implications for WH2 proteins. EMBO J. 2004. ↗
- Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Sosne G, Kleinman HK. Thymosin beta4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012. ↗
- Wang Y, et al. Pharmacokinetics, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of body-protective compound 157, a potential drug for treating various wounds, in rats and dogs. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:1026182. ↗
- Ruff D, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled, single and multiple dose study of intravenous thymosin beta4 in healthy volunteers. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010. ↗
- A first-in-human, randomized, double-blind, single- and multiple-dose, phase I study of recombinant human thymosin beta4 in healthy Chinese volunteers. J Cell Mol Med. 2021. ↗
- Esposito S, et al. Synthesis and characterization of the N-terminal acetylated 17-23 fragment of thymosin beta 4 identified in TB-500, a product suspected to possess doping potential. Drug Test Anal. 2012. ↗
- Emerging Use of BPC-157 in Orthopaedic Sports Medicine: A Systematic Review. HSS J. 2025. ↗
- Mendias CL, Awan TM. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance. Sports Med. 2026. ↗
- Regeneration or Risk? A Narrative Review of BPC-157 for Musculoskeletal Healing. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2025. ↗
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding That May Present Significant Safety Risks (Category 2 entries for BPC-157 and 'Thymosin beta-4, fragment (LKKTETQ), also known as TB-500'; list entries effective September 29, 2023). ↗
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. July 23-24, 2026: Meeting of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee (public calendar listing BPC-157 and TB-500 among bulk drug substances 'being considered for inclusion on the 503A Bulks List'). ↗
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Bulk Drug Substances Used in Compounding Under Section 503A of the FD&C Act (503A/503B framework, bulks-list eligibility, and Category 1/Category 2 interim policy). ↗
- Cha HJ, Jeong MJ, Kleinman HK. Role of thymosin beta4 in tumor metastasis and angiogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003. ↗
- Ho ENM, et al. Doping control analysis of TB-500, a synthetic version of an active region of thymosin beta4, in equine urine and plasma by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 2012. ↗